Laili Rahma Halimah 

Social Welfare Department, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Jember, Jember, East Java, Indonesia 

Atik Rahmawati 

Social Welfare Department, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Jember, Jember, East Java, Indonesia 

Pristhalia Vernanda Gunawan 

Social Welfare Department, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Jember, Jember, East Java, Indonesia 

DOI: 

ABSTRACT 

This research examines the evolution of gender mainstreaming and social protection in Indonesia from 2000 to 2025, with a focus on their impact on female migrant workers. Using a qualitative literature review approach, the study analyzes policy changes, institutional reforms, and emerging gender-responsive strategies since the issuance of Presidential Instruction No. 9 of 2000 on Gender Mainstreaming and Law No. 18 of 2017 on the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers. The findings identify four phases of development: policy fragmentation (2000–2010), institutional reform and human rights orientation (2010–2017), legal consolidation (2017–2020), and gender integration within the post-pandemic social protection system (2020– 2025). Despite significant regulatory progress, implementation remains uneven. Female migrant workers continue to face discrimination, limited access to social security, and gender-based violence due to weak institutional capacity and cultural bias. These structural and institutional gaps hinder the realization of gender justice. The study concludes that future policy reforms must strengthen the capacity for gender analysis, expand the scope of inclusive social protection, and develop sustainable and gender-just reintegration programs. A gender-responsive and human rights-based social protection system is key to achieving social and gender justice for Indonesian female migrant workers.    

Keywords: Gender Mainstreaming, Social Protection, Female Migrant Workers